![]() SARS CoV-2 is a beta-coronavirus with a crown-like appearance due to the presence of spike S1 glycoprotein on its surface ( 7). ![]() However, in stark contrast, SARS-CoV-2, which surfaced in December 2019, has turned into a pandemic. Therefore, in June 2003, the outbreak was primarily contained within households, with only a few cases of infection and mortality being recorded. Transmission of SARS-CoV was primarily through direct contact with an infected person and had overall a low transmittable rate. As of June 2021, a total of 176 million COVID-19 confirmed cases have been reported around the world. SARS-CoV was first reported as early as 2002 in Guangdong, China ( 1), while Saudi Arabia reported cases of MERS-CoV in June 2012. Based on a study on coronavirus, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, on comparing the phylogeny and taxonomy, declared this virus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and named it SARS‐CoV‐2 ( 6). This review will also provide an insight into an ongoing research and the possibility of developing more economical tools to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.Ĭoronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China due to an outbreak of pneumonia in December 2019 ( 1– 5) and the World Health Organization (WHO) gave it the nomenclature 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV). ![]() Herein, we have summarized conventional diagnostic methods such as Chest-CT (Computed Tomography), RT-PCR, Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), Reverse Transcription-LAMP (RT-LAMP), as well new modern diagnostics such as CRISPR–Cas-based assays, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Lateral Flow Assays (LFA), Graphene-Field Effect Transistor (GraFET), electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)-based assays, and microarrays for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Currently, the gold standard for detection of SARS-CoV-2 is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), but it lacks accuracy, is time-consuming and cumbersome, and fails to detect multi-variant forms of the virus. Besides developing a vaccine, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis is essential for monitoring and combating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related variants on time with precision and accuracy. 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaĬoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started out as an outbreak of pneumonia, has now turned into a pandemic due to its rapid transmission.1Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India.This outbreak demonstrated the previously underappreciated potential for duodenoscopes to transmit disease, even after undergoing high-level disinfection according to manufacturers' guidelines.Akanksha Roberts 1 Raghuraj Singh Chouhan 2* Deepshikha Shahdeo 1 Narlawar Sagar Shrikrishna 1 Veerbhan Kesarwani 1 Milena Horvat 2 Sonu Gandhi 1* A field investigation of the use, reprocessing, and storage of deuodenoscopes did not identify deviations from US Food and Drug Administration or manufacturer recommendations for reprocessing. Two case-control studies established a point-source outbreak associated with 2 specific duodenoscopes. pneumoniae isolates, including 9 with infections, 7 asymptomatic carriers who had undergone ERCP, and 1 additional patient who had been hospitalized in India and was probably the initial carrier. Molecular testing ultimately identified 17 patients with blaOxa-232 carbapenem-resistant K. On recognition of ERCP as a key risk factor for infection, targeted patient notification and CRE screening cultures were performed. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacieae (CRE) isolates were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction analysis for carbapenemase genes, and isolates with the blaOXA-232 gene were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. The investigation included 2 case-control studies, review of duodenoscope reprocessing procedures, and culture of devices. pneumoniae infections were identified at a tertiary care hospital. ![]() pneumoniae containing the blaOXA-232 gene transmitted by contaminated duodenoscopes during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures.Īn outbreak investigation was performed when 9 patients with blaOXA-232 carbapenem-resistant K. We describe an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant K. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections are increasingly prevalent in North American hospitals. ![]()
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